Farmers used to test the quality of their soil by burying a pair of underpants in the ground and seeing how quickly they rotted.The idea being that the more healthy microorganisms there are in the ground, such as bacteria and fungi, the faster the fabric would be eaten away.
Bury the plants now and they may well be dug up the following year in pristine condition.That’s because, according to experts, more than half of the world’s agricultural soil is already degraded.
In India, soil degradation is one of the factors, alongside debt, that is said to have led to the shocking statistic of nearly 30 people in the farming sector taking their own lives, on average, every day.
To try to improve matters, a popular Indian guru called Sadhguru is continuing to lead a global campaign called SaveSoil, which pushes to improve soil health around the world. He is calling for farmers to be given incentives, such as financial support, to keep a minimum of 3% of organic content in their soil. “If we take that away and soil becomes sand then it’s over,” he says. “If we don’t attend to our soil problem, we will all be left with desert.” History has shown us the devastating consequences of poor soil.
“We all remember those images of the North American dust bowl from the 1930s, and being really shocked by that,” says David Montgomery, professor of geomorphology at the University of Washington, and the author of three books on soil, including Dirt: The Erosion of Civilisations.
The reality of most soil degradation is a build-up over time, rather than a single catastrophic event, he adds.
“If you are consistently degrading land faster than you’re rebuilding its fertility, you’re drawing down its batteries, its ability to actually support agricultural production. Fertility is held in the top part of soil, which has literally been stripped off by decades to centuries of agriculture, and it just makes it that much harder to grow food.”
There are several causes of soil degradation, from overgrazing, to only growing one crop time after time, and excessive use of weed killers. But one contributing factor is a piece of technology that has revolutionised farming – the plough.All around the world, from subsistence small holdings in Africa, to the huge mechanised farms of North Dakota, this very old piece of technology is a quintessential part of farming life.
Modern ploughing turns the soil in order to get rid of weeds, but in doing so it exposes microbes under the soil that are vital for its well being. These microbes, now exposed to the sun, die and the soil loses its fertility.
The plough, alongside other machinery such as the combine harvester, has expanded the scale, speed and productivity of farming, leading to more efficient cultivation of more land.
But Ben Raskin, head of agroforestry and horticulture at the UK’s Soil Association, says we need to rethink technology’s role in farming.
“We have to make sure that technology supports soil and plant health,” he says.
That might mean new tools. Farm equipment suppliers such as John Deere are now introducing “no-till machinery” – farm equipment that is designed to cause minimum disturbance to the soil. These include seed planters that drop seeds into small holes rather than using a big blade to dig a long trench.
Or it may mean using robots that can help plant and weed in a more gentle way. One such device is the Robotti, made by Danish agricultural tech firm AgroIntelli. The development of this was helped by UK musician-turned-organic farmer Andy Cato, from the band Groove Armada, who tested early versions.Meanwhile, cover crops – those that are not harvested, but instead planted to stop the earth being left bare – help to improve soil structure by increasing the organic matter in it.
Ultimately though, says Mr Raskin, we may need to take the focus away from above-ground solutions and dig a little deeper.
“Much of the tech focus in farming has been on the chemical [pesticides] and physical [machinery], but now it is time to start thinking about biology,” he says.
Currently it is believed that scientists have identified only around 10% of soil life.
Montgomery says that for too long “the whole world that is below ground was kind of invisible to science”. He adds: “Soil is one of the last big frontiers of science – to understand what is going on in it.”
Understanding the make-up of soil could spawn whole new industries, such as biotech that focuses on gene sequencing the microbes in the soil, in an effort to provide farmers with the best nutrients for their land.
Going back to simple and old-fashioned techniques can also throw up interesting and potentially radical ideas.
One experiment, conducted as part of the Soil Association’s Innovative Farmers programme, used willow wood chip mulch around trees in order to suppress weeds and disease. It was discovered that the acid in it actually stimulated an immune reaction in the trees. And the soil beneath our feet may hold the secrets to some much wider human medicinal breakthroughs.
Natural products from soil’s microbiome are a promising source of medicinal compounds, according to an article in Chemistry World.
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